Ayurvedic treatment strategies for Kadara (corn): Comprehensive review

Kadara, one among Kshudra roga in Ayurveda, marked by hard, localized swellings with a central core over pressure-bearing areas such the palms or soles, usually caused by repeated mechanical trauma such as pressure from gravel or thorn injuries which can be correlated to plantar corns. Although modern treatments such as salicylic acid, cryotherapy, and surgical removal are available for corns, recurrence remains common as the keratotic core extends deep into the dermis. Ayurveda offers a multimodal approach Agnikarma (thermal cauterisation), Kshara Karma (chemical cauterisation), Lepana Karma (medicinal paste application) and Shastra Karma (surgical excision) either alone or, more effectively, in combination. This review was undertaken to compile and analayse the available clinical evidence on these modalities. Across the reviewed literature, Agnikarma performed after Chedana particularly with Panchaloha Shalaka or Sneha Dagdha consistently produced more sustainable, low-recurrence outcomes, while Kshara Karma and Lepana Karma offered safer, less invasive alternatives for patients who are fearful, elderly or intolerant of cauterisation. However, most available evidence is limited to small case series or case reports with short follow-up, signifying the need for long-term comparative trials before a single line of management can be recommended as the standard of care for Kadara.