Architecture of an in vivo‐tissue engineered autologous conduit “Biovalve”

As a practical concept of regenerative medicine, we have focused on in vivo tissue engineering utilizing the foreign body reaction. Plastic substrates for valvular leaflet organization, consisting of two pieces assembled with a small aperture were inserted into a microporous polyurethane conduit scaffold. The assembly was placed in the subcutaneous spaces of Japanese white rabbits for 1 month. After the substrates were pulled out from the harvested implant, valve leaflet‐shaped membranous tissue was formed inside the tubular scaffold as designed. The valve leaflet was composed of the same collagen‐rich tissue, with the absence of any elastic fiber, as that which had ingrown or covered the scaffold. No abnormal collection or infiltration of inflammatory cells in the leaflet and the scaffold could be demonstrated. According to the immunohistochemical staining, the leaflet was comprised of numerous vimentin‐ or α‐SMA‐positive cells, corresponding to fibroblasts or myofibroblats, but contained no desmin‐positive cells. The analysis of the video data of the valve movement showed that, in synchronization with the backward flow in the diastolic phase, the valve closed rapidly and tightly and, in the transition phase of the flow direction, the valve opened smoothly without flapping or hitting the scaffold wall. Using mold designs, consisting of two different plastic substrates and the tubular scaffold, in conjunction with “ in body tissue architecture,” the complex 3‐dimensional autologous conduit‐typed Biovalve was developed for the first time.