The influence of stenosis severity and geometric orientation on atherosclerotic progression: A fluid-structure interaction study in the carotid artery

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Schematic showing a geometric inlet and outlets b stenosis encroachment

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  Fig. 2. Carotid artery fluid domains, top row—a 0%, b 30% AOA 0, c 30% AOA-1, d 30% AOA+1, e 60% AOA 0, f 60% AOA-1, g 60% AOA+1, h 80% stenoses

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  Fig. 3. Grid convergence study for the a CFD mesh and b FEA mesh

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  Fig. 4. Boundary conditions used in the study a inlet and outlet velocities for the CFD simulation (reproduced with permission from [25], © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved) b cyclic pressure curve for the FEA simulation (adapted from [35]) and c schematic of loads and supports for the FEA simulation

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  Fig. 5. Velocity contours at peak systole (t = 0.173 sec),—a 0%, b 30% AOA 0, c 30% AOA-1, d 30% AOA+1, e 60% AOA 0, f 60% AOA-1, g 60% AOA+1 and h 80% stenoses. Sections indicated in grey are selected for comparison with M. Ohja (1989) [12] and S.C.P. Cheung (2010) [37]

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  Fig. 6. Comparison of velocity profiles from S.C.P. Cheung (2010) [37]. ICA distal wall corresponds to 0 on x-axis

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  Fig. 7. TAWSS contours—a 0%, b 30% AOA 0, c 30% AOA-1, d 30% AOA+1, e 60% AOA 0, f 60% AOA-1, g 60% AOA+1, and h 80% stenoses

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  Fig. 8. Top Row–NTKE versus Re, and Bottom Row–NWSS versus Re, during the cardiac cycle. Left column—0% and 30% stenoses, Right column—60% and 80% stenoses

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  Fig. 9. OSI contours—a 0%, b 30% AOA 0, c 30% AOA-1, d 30% AOA+1, e 60% AOA 0, f 60% AOA-1, g 60% AOA+1 and h 80% stenoses

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  Fig. 10. Total deformation of the arterial wall,—a 0%, b 30% AOA 0, (c 30% AOA-1, d 30% AOA+1, f 60% AOA 0, g 60% AOA-1 g 60% AOA+1 and h 80% stenoses

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  Fig. 11. Maximum principal cyclic stress at peak systole,—a 0%, b 30% AOA 0, c 30% AOA-1, d 30% AOA+1, f 60% AOA 0, g 60% AOA-1, g 60% AOA+1 and h 80% stenoses

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  Fig. 12. Section planes \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Gamma _i$$\end{document} selected for the NTKE, NWSS interplay—a 0%, b 30% AOA 0, c 30% AOA-1, d 30% AOA+1 e 60% AOA 0, f 60% AOA-1, g 60% AOA+1 and h 80% stenoses