Relative roles of cardiac receptors and arterial baroreceptors during hemorrhage in conscious dogs.

Chronically instrumented, conscious dogs (n=48 total: intact n=15, cardiac denervation [CD] n=14, sinoaortic denervation alone [SAD] n=11, combined sinoaortic denervation plus cardiac denervation [SAD + CD] n=8)

Hemorrhage at a constant rate (0.5 ml/kg/min) until mean arterial pressure fell to 40 mm Hg or 30 ml/kg of blood was withdrawn; acute cardiac denervation with intrapericardial lidocaine was also tested

Comparison between intact dogs and dogs with specific denervations (CD, SAD, or SAD + CD)

Changes in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and heart rate during hemorrhagesurrogate